Index
01. Tense
02. Voice Change
03. Conversion of Sentence
04. Change of Degrees
05. Modal Auxiliaries
06. Pseudo Modal
07. Causative
08. Preposition
09. Rules of Changing Parts of Speech
10. Linker
11. Conditional
12. Right Form of Verb
13. Completing Sentences
1.TENSE
Present Indefinite Tense : I eat
rice
Present Continuous Tense : I am
eating rice
Present Perfect Tense : I have eaten rice
Present Perfect continuous Tense : I have
been eating rice for an hour
Past Indefinite Tense : I ate rice/I would(used
to) eat rice
Past Continuous Tense : I was eating rice
Past Perfect Tense : I had eaten rice before
he came
Past Perfect Continuous Tense : I had
been eating rice for an hour before he came
Future Indefinite Tense : I shall
eat rice
Future Continuous Tense : I shall
be eating rice
Future Perfect Tense : I shall have eaten rice
before he will come
Future Perfect Continuous Tense : I shall
have been eating rice for an hour before he will come.
Conjugation of Verbs
Strong Verbs :
Present ---- Past
------ Past Participle
arise ------ arose --------- arisen
awake ---- awoke ------- awoke
be ------- was/were ----- been
bear ------ bore --------- borne
beat ------ beat --------- beaten
become -- became ---- become
begin ---- began -------- begun
bend ----- bent --------- bent
bet -------- bet ----------- bet
bind ----- bound -------- bound
bite ------- bit ---------- bitten
bleed ----- bled --------- bled
blow ------ blew -------- blown
break ---- broke ------- broken
bring ---- brought ------ brought
build ----- built --------- built
burst ----- burst --------- burst
buy ------ bought ------ bought
catch ---- caught -------- caught
choose -- chose --------- chosen
come ---- came --------- come
cost ------ cost ---------- cost
creep --- crept ---------- crept
cut ------- cut ------------- cut
deal ---- dealt ----------- dealt
dig ------- dug ------------ dug
do -------- did ----------- done
draw ---- drew ---------- drawn
drink --- drank ---------- drunk
drive --- drove --------- driven
eat ------ ate ----------- eaten
fall ------ fell ----------- fallen
feed ---- fed ------------ fed
feel ----- felt ------------ felt
fight --- fought -------- fought
find ---- found --------- found
fit ------- fit ------------- fit
flee ---- fled ----------- fled
fling --- flung ---------- flung
fly ------ flew -------- flown
forbid -- forbade ---- forbidden
forget -- forgot ----- forgotten
forgive -- forgave --- forgiven
freeze -- froze ------ frozen
get ------ got --------- got
give ----- gave ------- given
go ------ went ------- gone
grow --- grew ------- grown
hang ---- hung -------- hung
have ---- had --------- had
hear ---- heard ----- heard
hide ----- hid -------- hidden
hit ------- hit --------- hit
hold ---- held -------- held
hurt ---- hurt --------- hurt
keep --- kept -------- kept
knit ---- knitted ----- knitted
know --- knew ------- known
lay ----- laid --------- laid
lead ---- led ---------- led
leave --- left --------- left
lend ---- lent --------- lent
let ------ let ----------- let
lie ------ lay ----------- lain
lie ------ lied ---------- lied
light ---- lit ------------ lit
lose ---- lost ----------- lost
make -- made -------- made
mean -- meant ------ meant
meet --- met --------- met
pay ----- paid -------- paid
prove -- proved ----- proved
put ------ put --------- put
quit ----- quit -------- quit
read ---- read -------- read
ride ---- rode -------- ridden
ring ---- rang --------- rung
rise ----- rose -------- risen
run ----- ran ----------- run
say ----- said ---------- said
see ----- saw --------- seen
seek -- sought ------- sought
sell --- sold ----------- sold
send -- sent ---------- sent
set ----- set ------------- set
shake -- shook ------ shaken
shine ---- shone ----- shone
shoot ---- shot ------ shot
shrink -- shrank ---- shrunk
shut ---- shut ------- shut
sing ---- sang ------- sung
sink ---- sank ------- sunk
sit ------ sat --------- sat
slay --- slew ------- slain
sleep -- slept ----- slept
slide --- slid ------- slid
slit ----- slit -------- slit
speak -- spoke --- spoken
spend -- spent ---- spent
spin ----- spun ----- spun
spit ----- spit ------- spit
split ---- split ------ split
spread -- spread -- spread
spring -- sprang --- sprung
stand -- stood ----- stood
steal -- stole ------ stolen
stick --- stuck ----- stuck
sting --- stung ---- stung
stink --- stank ---- stunk
stride -- strode --- stridden
strike -- struck --- struck
string -- strung -- strung
swear -- swore -- sworn
sweep -- swept -- swept
swell -- swelled -- swollen
swim -- swam ---- swum
take --- took ----- taken
teach -- taught -- taught
tear --- tore ------- torn
tell ---- told ------ told
think -- thought - thought
throw ---- threw --- thrown
understand -- understood -- understood
wake ------------ woke -------- woken
wear ------------ wore --------- worn
wed -------------- wed --------- weed
weep ------------- wept -------- wept
wet --------------- wet ----------- wt
win --------------- win ------------ win
write ------------ wrote -------- written
2.VOICE CHANGE
Present Indefinite: am, is, are
Present Continuous: am being, is being, are being
Present Perfect: has been, have been
Past Indefinite: was, were
Past Continuous: was being, were being
Past Perfect: had been
Future Indefinite: shall be, will be
Future Continuous: shall be being, will be being
Future Perfect: shall have been, will have been.
Example
Present Indefinite: Glass is broken by me
Present Continuous: Glass is being broken by me
Present Perfect: Glass has been broken
Past Indefinite: Glass was broken
Past Continuous: Glass was being broken
Past Perfect: Glass had been broken
Future Indefinite: Glass will be broken
Future Continuous: Glass will be being broken
Future Perfect: Glass will have been broken
3.CONVERSION OF SENTENCES
There are 5 types of Sentence
·
Assertive(Affirmative & Negative),
·
Interrogative,
·
Imperative,
·
Optative &
·
Exclamatory
Affirmative to Negative
Affirmative: I am present
Negative: I am not present
Affirmative: He plays football
Negative: He does not play football
Assertive to Interrogative
Affirmative: He is present
Interrogative: Is he present?
Affirmative: He went to school
Interrogative: Did he go to school?
Assertive to Imperative
Assertive: You should do the work
Imperative: Do the work
Assertive: He plays football
Imperative: Let him play football
Assertive to Optative
Assertive: Bangladesh will live long
Optative: May Bangladesh live long
Assertive: I wish I could be a child again
Optative: Could I be a child again!
Assertive to Exclamatory
Assertive: It is a very fine bird
Exclamatory: What a fine bird it is!
Assertive: I wish I were a poet
Exclamatory: If I were a poet!
4.CHANGE OF DEGREES
There are 3 types of Degrees
·
Positive,
·
Comparative &
·
Superlative
Positive - Comparative - Superlative
beautiful - more beautiful - most beautiful
big - bigger - biggest
bright - brighter - brightest
clean - cleaner - cleanest
clever - cleverer - cleverest
confused - more confused - most confused
difficult - more difficult - most difficult
dirty - dirtier - dirtiest
fascinating - more fascinating - most fascinating
famous - more famous - most famous
fast - faster - fastest
late - later - latest
old - older - oldest
poor - poorer - poorest
sharp - sharper - sharpest
short - shorter - shortest
slow - slower - slowest
small - smaller - smallest
strong - stronger - strongest
tall - taller - tallest
thin - thinner - thinnest
ugly - uglier - ugliest
weak - weaker - weakest
wise - wiser - wisest
young - younger - youngest
Example :
Superlative - Positive
Superlative: Jerry is one of the best boys in the class
Positive: Very few boys in the class are so good as Jerry
Superlative: He is the oldest man in the village
Positive: No other man in the village is so old as him
Superlative: Mutton chop was the cheapest of all dishes on the menu
Positive: No other dish on the menu was so cheap as mutton chop
Comparative - Positive
Comparative: Jerry is better than most other boys in the class
Positive: Very few boys in the class are so good as Jerry
Comparative: He is older than any other man in the village
Positive: No other man in the village is so old as him
Comparative: Edmond is wiser than Brandon
Positive: Brandon is not as wise as Edmond
Superlative - Comparative
Superlative: Jerry is one of the best boys in the class
Comparative: Jerry is better than most other boys in the class
Superlative: He is the oldest man in the village
Comparative: He is older than any other man in the village
Superlative: Jamal is the noblest of all men
Comparative: Jamal is nobler than all other men
5.MODAL AUXILIARIES
s/es is not added with modal auxiliaries verb
Should/Ought to
- We should obey our teacher
- We ought to obey our teacher
Can
- He can help me
May
- It may rain
Used to/Would
- He used to go to school
- He would go to school
Need
- I need help
Dare
- Don't dare to go there
6.PSEUDO MODAL
Am to
- I am to do the work
Have to
- You have to do the work
- He has to do the work
Had to
- He had to do the work
Will have to
- I will have to do the work
Am supposed to
- I am supposed to get the work
- You are supposed to get the work
Would like to
- I would like to walk
Had better/Would rather
- I had better go
- I would rather go
Be likely to
- I am likely to pass
Be about to
- I am about to go out
Be going to
- I am going to school
Be yet to
- I am yet to get money
Seem
- He seems to be happy
Look
- She looks beautiful
Feel
- It feels soft
Taste
- It tastes sour
7.CAUSATIVE
Have
Get
Let
Help
Example
- I get my hair cut every month
8.PREPOSITION
In
Inside of Something : My pen is in my pocket
Month : I will come back home in March
Season : I will go to Chittagong in winter
Year : I passed my S.S.C examination in 2000
Time : He will come in a week
Country : Jute grows well in Bangladesh
Language : They speak in Arabic
Job : He is in army
Condition : She is in love
Before Subject : I read in C.S.E
Quality : It was written in pencil
Subject : Jamal is behind the others in writing but ahead in
speaking
Big Place : He lives at Toronto in Canada
Type : The man was dressed in tattered clothes
Before morning : I get up early in the morning
At
Small Place : He lives at Toronto in Canada
Target : He shoots at the birds
Exact Time : I will come at 10:30
Meal : I will come at the time of dinner
Price : Rice is sold here at $10 per kilogram
Degree : Car is running at 60 km/hr
On
Occasion : He gave a nice gift on my birthday
Upper of Something : The book is on the table
Day : He may come on Monday
Specific Date : I will come on 6th March
Topic : Write an essay on Cow
To
Side : I went to Dhaka
Direction : All of them came to me
Movement : I want to go
Time span : He works from morning to evening
Compare : He looks about 20 to his 40
Belong : Have you seen the top to this pen?
Left : It’s five minutes to ten
Part : There are seven days to the week
After Dedicate : This victory is dedicated to martyr
Starting : To my surprise, he has won the game
After Sentence : The hooligan was sentenced to death
According : The book wasn’t to my choice
By
Using : I came here by bus
Body : He kicked the ball by his right leg
Beside : She always sits by me
Around This Time : Jamal will reach by 5 am
Way : We learn English by the easiest way
Per : I pay the servant by the hour
After Swear : I swear by Allah that I will never do it again
Size : The bullet missed him by an inch
Shift : Do you work by day or by night?
Time : It is 5 pm by my watch
Mean : Send it by post
Side : They wanted to come by field
Of
- The course of our centre is very good
- The vehicle is made of gold
Beside
- He sat beside me
From
- Where are you from?
For
- The boy was crying for food
Above
- The sky is above our head
Into
- Jamal dived into the water
Over
- There is a piece of cloud over the mountain
About
- I will tell you everything about this matter
After
- After having lunch, he went away
Before
- He came to my house before going to school
Since
- I have been reading in this since 2010
Below
- I got below 80% marks in science
Behind
- The boy was standing behind me
Against
- He complained to the principal against me
Through
- They went home through the forest
Down
- Jamal fell down from the tree
Beyond
- The matter was beyond imagination
Up
- Climb up the tree
Without
- We can not live without water
Across
- Go across the street
Among
- Divide the mangoes among the little boys
Between
- Divide the mangoes between two girls
Along
- They were walking along the street
Off
- Switch off the fan
Under
- He is under the tree now
- The bridge is under construction
With
- I went with my father
Within
- I must finish the work within an hour
9.RULES OF CHANGING PARTS OF SPEECH
There are 8 types of Parts of Speech :
Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Verb, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction,
Interjection.
Rule: am/is/are/was/were + verb + ing
Example: He was thinking
Rule: am/is/are/was/were + adjective
Example: He was anxious
Rule: there + am/is/are/was/were + noun
Example: There was an anxiety in him
10.LINKER
At first, At the beginning
Moreover, Besides, Furthermore, And, But, Then, After
that, Similarly
On the other hand, However, Nevertheless
For example, Such as
Therefore, So, As a result, Consequently, Finally
Example
At first, I look around everywhere in the road. Then I
cross the road. After that, I go to buss stoppage. On the other hand,
most of the people do not care traffic rules. For example, the people who are
late and in hurry to go work in time. As a result, we face some unexpected
problems in street.
11.CONDITIONAL
First Conditional
Structure : If + Present, Future
If he comes, I will tell
If it rains, they will not play
If you want to shine, work hard
You will catch cold, if you play in the rain
If it rains, bus may delay
Second Conditional
Structure : If + Past Indefinite, Would
If you told, I would go
If I were you, I would not do the work
Third Conditional
Structure : If+ Past Perfect, Would have
If I had seen him, I would have told him the matter.
This person could have been taken, if I had seen him.
12.RIGHT FORM OF VERB
Rule 1: When subject is third person singular number, s/es
is added with the present form of verb
·
My mother cooks.
Rule 2: Universal Truth/Habitual Fact is present indefinite
tense
·
Sun rises in the east
·
He wakes up early in the morning
Rule 3: Normally, always, regularly, sometimes, often,
generally, daily, everyday, occasionally, usually - all of those indicate
present indefinite tense
·
He always finishes his work in time
Rule 3: Now, at this moment - indicates present continuous tense
·
He is passing time to watch TV at this moment
·
What are you doing now
Rule 3: Just, just now, already, yet, ever, lately, recently -
indicates present perfect tense
·
Have you ever been to Dhaka?
Rule 3: Yesterday, ago, long since, last night - indicates past
form
·
I came home yesterday
Rule 4: Present form of verb is used for had better, had rather,
would better, would rather, let, must, need, dare
·
You had better go
Rule 5: Past perfect tense + before + past indefinite tense.
·
The patient had died before the doctor came.
Rule 5: Past indefinite tense + after + past perfect tense.
·
The train came after we had arrived.
Rule 6: Nation is plural common noun that's why plural verb is
used
·
The Muslims are a brave nation.
Rule 7: Collective noun is singular
·
This family has been living here for four years
Rule 8: Past participle form of main verb is used after to be
·
The principal told the notice to be hung.
Rule 9: After while ing is added with the verb. But if there is
any subject after while, the part of while will be Past Continuous Tense.
·
A police killed him while trying to cross the border
·
A police killed him, while he was trying to cross the border
Rule 10: Present Indefinite/Perfect Tense + SINCE + Past
Indefinite Tense
·
It's long since we met.
·
Many years have been passed since we worked together.
Rule 10: Past Indefinite Tense + SINCE + Past Perfect.
·
It was long since they had discussed among them.
13.COMPLETING SENTENCE
Too....To
- He is too short to touch the roof
- The load is too heavy for me to carry
So.....That
- The weight was so heavy that we could not pull it
So that
- I closed the door so that no one can enter into that room
- She saves money so that she can buy car
Unless
Unless means If….not
- Unless you read attentively, you will fail
- No one can not shine unless they work hard
Until/Till
- Wait until I come back
- Doctor will not let him go till he becomes well
As long as
- Wait here as long as it rains
Since, Because, As
- Crops did not grow well since there was drought
- Since he was weak, he could not work hard
- Everybody loves him because he is honest
- He was rewarded as he was honest in his work
- As he behaved rough, he was punished
Because of, on account of, owing to, due to
- Everybody loves him because of his honesty
- On account of his illness he could not attend in the meeting
- The writer dared not to drive due to fog
Though, Although
- Though he is poor, he is honest
- He could not catch the bus although he ran fast
In spite of, despite
- In spite of his poverty, he is honest
- Despite his good result, he did not get a good job
In stead of, in lieu of
- In stead of history he took logic
- The boy used pen in stead of pencil
- He bought fish in lieu of meat
So much / so many
So much indicates quantity and so many indicates number
- I do not have so much time that I can spend time with you
- There are so many problems that I can not solve them
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